The Kingdom of Tungning

Before Zeelandia fell, Koxinga had sent his troops out to farm. He died in 1662, aged thirty-nine, having ordered his son Zheng Jing executed over a child with a wet nurse. The commanders refused. Zheng Jing took power.

Driven from Xiamen in 1664, Zheng Jing renamed his state Tungning. Chen Yonghua built farms, salt pans and a Confucian temple. Cut off by the Qing, Tungning traded with the English. In 1670 its troops killed almost everyone in Salu.

In 1674 Zheng Jing joined a revolt against the Qing and came back defeated six years later. After his death, his eldest son was strangled. In 1683 Shi Lang destroyed the fleet at Penghu. That autumn, Tungning surrendered.